Anthropological method selection depends on the project purpose and field setting. A kinship investigation may use genealogy and interviews, whereas an applied service study may employ community discussions, case studies and participatory research. Combining methods can enrich understanding when justified by the research objectives.
Participant Observation
Study daily interactions in context, participating only where appropriate and with consent. Maintain clear descriptive notes and distinguish observations from interpretation.
Semi-Structured Interviews
Use guiding questions to explore participants’ experiences while allowing responses in their own words. Avoid leading questions and respect confidentiality.
Household Surveys and Schedules
Collect comparable information on households, education, occupations, migration or other relevant characteristics. Explain sampling and keep data secure.
Genealogical Method
Document kinship, marriage and descent relationships where relevant, and avoid exposing sensitive family information.
Case Studies and Life Histories
Investigate individual, household or community experiences in depth, providing contextual evidence without claiming universal representativeness.
Participatory Rural Appraisal
Use mapping, seasonal calendars or community discussions to investigate shared concerns when suitable for applied anthropology.
Focus Groups
Explore community experiences and contrasting opinions while preventing a small number of speakers from dominating.
Field Diary and Reflexivity
Record observations, methodological decisions and the researcher’s positionality. Reflect on how assumptions and presence may influence fieldwork.
Qualitative Analysis
Organise interviews and notes through systematic coding and themes; compare perspectives and discuss exceptions.
Quantitative Analysis
Use frequencies, percentages and other appropriate statistics where the design and collected data justify them.
Specialist Biological/Archaeological Methods
Health measures, specimens, excavations and protected materials require the relevant qualifications, ethics approvals and legal permissions. Do not conduct unauthorised collection.
Research Ethics
Respect informed consent, community dignity, anonymity, privacy and safeguarding. Never invent field observations or participants.